Structure and functions of different cell organelles of cell


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Oral leukoplakia

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Leukoplakia (leuko-white; plakia-patch)  Oral leukoplakia is defined by the WHO as “a white patch or plaque that cannot be scrapped off and also characterized clinically or pathologically as any other disease”.   Etiology Chemical: alcohol, tobacco mechanical: sharp tooth or crown margins, irritating denture clasps Premalignant epithelial changes Candida Albicans Ultraviolet radiation Trauma Toothpaste or mouth rinses (sanguinaria)   Etiology continued  Acute candidiosis  Thrush  Acute antibiotic stomatitis  Chronic  Denture induced stomatitis  Chronic hyperplasia or mucocutaneous candidiosis  Erythematous candidiosis   Leukoplakia: Clinical Features 1. Affects 1.5 – 12% of total population 2. It usually affects people over the age of 40...
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Appendicitis ,What causes appendix? typical and Atypical Symptoms of appendicitus,signs , Alvarado scoring ,Differential diagonosis and investigations

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Appendicitis is swelling (inflammation) of the appendix. The appendix is a small pouch attached to the beginning of your large intestine .. that pouch is known as caecum. What causes appendix? Appendicitis occurs when the appendix becomes blocked, often by stool, a foreign body, or cancer. Blockage may also occur from infection, since the appendix swells in response to any infection in the body. The cause of appendicitis isn't always clear. Sometimes appendicitis can occur as a result of: An obstruction. Food waste or a hard piece of stool (fecal stone) can block the opening of the cavity that runs the length of your appendix. An infection. Appendicitis may also follow an infection, such as a gastrointestinal viral infection, or it may result from other types of inflammation. In both cases, bacteria inside the appendix multiply rapidly, causing the appendix to become inflamed, swollen and filled with pus. If not treated promptly, the appendix can rupture. Symptoms of appen...
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research hopes for diabettes

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The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) conducts and supports research into many kinds of disorders, including diabetes. Researchers throughout the United States and the world are working to better understand, prevent, and treat this disease. Finding ways to prevent or delay diabetes in people at risk is a key goal of this research. Scientists are identifying genes that may be involved in type 1 or type 2 diabetes and studying how they work. Studies are clarifying the complicated mechanisms that damage beta cells in diabetes. A great deal of work is also focused on preventing the different types of diabetes and improving treatment. The NIDDK conducts research in its own laboratories and supports a great deal of basic and clinical research in medical centers and hospitals throughout the United States. Several other components of the NIH also conduct and support research related to diabetes. Other Government agencies that sponsor diabetes program...
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